ABSTRACT
Background: Organosphophorous compounds are the commonly available insecticides in households. Therefore, children are vulnerable to accidental poisoning. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to study the clinical profile of organophosphorous poisoning in children.Methods: This was prospective study conducted over a period of two years from January 2018 to January 2020 in department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. All the patients in the age group of 1-18 years with history and examination suggestive of organophosphorous poisoning were included in this study.Results: In this study there were total of 54 patients. In majority of cases poisoning was accidental. Oral consumption was most common route of poisoning. The most common symptoms were excessive salivation (100%), vomiting (72%), abdominal pain (26%), diarrohea (13%), agitation (11%) and convulsions (3.7%). The most common signs were miosis (78%), bradycardia (59%), fasciculation (57%) and altered sensorium (13%). Respiratory failure and circulatory collapse were two main complications which contributed to mortality in this study.Conclusions: Organophosphorous poisoning is one of the most common poisoning in children. Early diagnosis and treatment is of pivotal importance to prevent mortality.
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Background: Neonatal sepsis is leading cause of mortality in children. The clinical presentation of neonatal sepsis is non-specific and variable. This study was undertaken to study clinical and etiological profile of neonatal sepsis.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted over a period of one year from March 2018 to March 2019. The patients with clinically suspected sepsis were included in this study. Detailed history and examination was done in all patients. In addition to baseline investigations, C-reactive protein and blood culture was done in all patients. Blood culture was done prior to administration of antibiotics.Results: In this study there were total of 102 patients out of which 54 were male and 48 were female. Among 102 patients, 69 patients were premature born before 37 weeks of gestation. Prematurity emerged to be the most common risk factor. In this study 62% patients had EOS (<72 hours of life) and 38% had LOS (>72 hours of life). The most common presenting feature were refusal of feeds, lethargy, respiratory distress and hypothermia. Other features were seizures, abdominal distension, apnea and sclerema. Blood culture was positive in 41% patients. The most common organism isolated on culture was Kleibsella followed by E. coli.Conclusions: Neonatal sepsis is leading cause of mortality in children. Early diagnosis and treatment is of paramount importance to prevent mortality. The clinical presentation of neonatal sepsis is non-specific and variable. So, high index of suspicion is required to detect sepsis at earliest. Gram negative organism like Kleibsella and E. coli are the common causative organism in neonatal sepsis.
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Background: Enteric fever is a common public health problem with variable clinical presentation. The aim of study was to study the clinical spectrum of enteric fever in children.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted over period of one year from January 2019 to January 2020 in the Department of Paediatrics at Govt Medical College Srinagar. It included all patients in the age group of 1-18 years who were clinically suspected to have enteric fever and had either a positive blood culture for Salmonella or a positive Widal test.Results: This study included total of 76 patients out of which 36 were males and 40 were females. The most common presenting symptoms were fever anorexia, vomiting, diarrohea, abdominal pain, headache and constipation. The most common signs were coated tongue, toxic look, hepatomegaly, splenomeagly, pallor, jaundice and abdominal distension. Complications were seen in in 8 (10.5%) patients. Myocarditis was seen in 3 patients. Encephalopathy and hepatitis was seen in 2 patients each. Pneumonia was seen in 1 patient. Majority of patients had normal white blood cell count (4000-11000/cumm). Leukopenia (<4000/cumm) was seen in 10% patients and leukocytosis (>11000/cumm) was seen in 15% patients. Thrombocytopenia was seen in 9% patients. Blood culture was positive in 36 (47.36%) patients. Salmonella typhi was seen in 33 patients whereas Salmonella paratyphi A was seen in 3 patients. All culture positive cases were sensitive to ceftriaxone, cefixime and azithromycin. Ciprofloxacin resistance was seen in 11 (14.4%) patients.Conclusions: Enteric fever is a common public health problem with fever as most common presenting symptom. Culture yield can be increased in enteric fever by drawing blood culture prior to administration of antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is highly efficacious as monotherapy in enteric fever.
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Aims: The activation of cellular and humoral immunity depends upon nature of antigens. Complex proteins like bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMP) usually successfully activate both humoral and cellular immunity. Whereas antigens like bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) usually elicit T-independent immunity i.e. humoral immunity without the activation of cellular immune wing. The present study was under taken to evaluate the comparative immunologic behavior of both the important molecules (bacterial lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins) of Pasteurella multocida alone and in combination in bovine calves in field conditions. Methodology and results: Pasteurella multocida was isolated, purified and identified from an outbreak by mean of culture and biochemical methods. The pathogenicity of the confirmed isolates was done in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on the principles of Koch’s postulates. Alum based vaccine against P. multocida was prepared and antibody titer against Outer membrane protein (OMP) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were determined by complement fixation test (CFT). The results showed that the antibody titer against OMP and LPS in whole culture vaccine is significantly higher than the respective tested vaccines. These results concluded that OMP no doubt is an active T-dependent immunogenic molecule but its immunogenicity increases many times when combined with LPS in whole culture vaccine. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in combination with outer membrane proteins (OMP) synergistically boost the humoral immune response in vaccinated animal.
ABSTRACT
PakisVancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [VRSA] has been reported from many parts of the world including Asian countries. Hence, main objective of study was to evaluate the possible occurrence of VRSA in hospitals of Lahore city and to ensure the effectiveness of various substitute therapeutic options. A total of 150 samples of pus/wounds were collected from three hospitals of the city and VRSA were isolated and confirmed through recommended method of Clinical and Laboratory St and ards Institute. Out of 51 [49.04%] methicillin resistant S.aureus [MRSA] isolates, 5 [9.8%] were found resistant to vancomycin. Minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] of Linezolid [LZD], Moxifloxacin [MFX] and Clindamycin [CD] were calculated against VRSA isolates by broth microdilution test. All 5 [100%] isolates were susceptible to Linezolid and Clindamycin, while 4 [80%] were susceptible to Moxifloxacin. Ethanolic extracts of Turmeric, Mint, Cori and er, Garlic, Kalonji, Cinnamon and Cloves illustrate average MIC values of 140.8µg/ml, 563.2µg/ml, 486.4µg/ml, 614.4µg/ml, 409.6µg/ml, 281.6µg/ml and 64µg/ml, respectively against 5 VRSA strains. Concentration dependent increase in growth inhibition zones of ethanolic plant extract was recorded by agar well diffusion test. This study was helpful to find out the effective antibiotic against VRSA. Plant extracts encompass anti-staphylococcal activity and this finding dem and s necessity of further exploration of potential found in these natural herb.